A critical appraisal of the 2011 E.coli outbreak of food poisoning in Germany Essay Example for Free

A critical appraisal of the 2011 E.coli outbreak of food poisoning in Germany Essay A critical appraisal of the 2011 E.coli outbreak of food poisoning in Germany Introduction            E. coli is an abbreviation that stands for Escherichia coli which is a rod shaped, facultative, Gram negative bacterium. This bacterium is very common in the lower intestines of warm blooded animals. Although not all types E.coli bacterium are harmful, there are some stains that are known to cause serious food poisoning in human beings. The harmless E.coli strains are components of normal flora and produce vitamin k2. Moreover, they are important to humans because they inhibit the growth of pathogenic bacteria in the intestines (Bill Clark 2012:74). The gut flora is made up of 0.1% of E.coli and other related bacteria and is mainly transmitted through fecal-oral means. Many of E.coli cells can only survive for a short time outside the body making them good indicator organisms for testing environmental samples of fecal infection. However, recent research has discovered some strains of the E.coli bacteria that can survive for long periods of time outside the body.            The first case of E.coli outbreak in Germany was reported between May and June in 2011 and was largely concentrated in the northern parts of the country. According to German health officials, the foodborne illness was caused by a new strain of the E.coli bacteria known as O104:H4. The disease was mainly characterized by a number of complications like hemolytic-uremic syndrome  (HUS) and bloody diarrhea (Lan Reeves 2002:84). The high number of deaths was mainly caused by hemolytic-uremic syndromes which require quick treatment. Initially, the outbreak was believed to have been caused by a strain of E.coli known as enterohemorrhagic (EHEC) but future research found that the outbreak was in fact caused by enteroaggregative E. coli (EAEC). Moreover, this strain of E.coli was found to have the ability to produce Shiga toxins. Initial epidemiological research had suggested that vegetables were the main source of infection. More specifically, the German agricultural mi nisters identified one organic farm in Bienenbà ¼ttel as the most likely source of the infection. As a means of controlling the outbreak, the German government ordered for its immediate closure. Despite the fact that laboratories in Bienenbà ¼ttel did not detect the E.coli bacteria in produce, one laboratory in North Rhine-Westphalia later established that the outbreak strain was in fact present in packaged sprouts from the suspected farm. On June 30th 2011, fenugreek seed imported from Egypt were announced as the most likely source of the outbreak by the German  Bundesinstitut fà ¼r Risikobewertung (BfR)  (Federal Institute for Risk Assessment (Todar 2012: 29). The German E.coli outbreak affected 3,950 people in total and caused 51 deaths in the country alone. Other countries that were affected by the outbreak include the United States, the Netherlands, the United Kingdom, Switzerland, Denmark, Poland and Canada (Bill Clark 2012: 93). At the beginning of the E.coli outbreak , the German authorities claimed that the bacterium was most likely to have originated from Spain. Without carrying out any tests, the German health officials claimed that the O104 E.coli strain was most likely to have originated from cucumbers imported from Spain. However, future tests revealed that Spanish greenhouses were not the source of the E.coli strain responsible for the outbreak. This claim by the German officials provoked protests by the Spanish government because it made the country lose about 200 million USD per week in agricultural exports.            The 2011 E.coli outbreak in Germany was the worst ever recorded case of shiga toxin producing Escherichia Coli outbreak in the world. The outbreak started on May 8th and was declared over by the German health officials on July 4th the same year. The outbreak could have been more serious if the government did not alert the public to avoid consuming foods from areas suspected to be the likely source of the bacteria. In 2011, Germany encountered the biggest episode of Stec cases ever recorded: what added up to 3,842 cases were accounted for, incorporating 2,987 instances of research facility affirmed E. coli gastroenteritis with 18 passings and 855 instances of hemolytic uremic syndrome (Hus) that prompted 35 lethal conclusions (Lan Reeves 2002:93). The episode began on May 8, topped on May 22, and was proclaimed fulfilled by July 4. One could contend that open health measures halted the pandemic by alarming individuals to maintain a strategic distance from the utili zation of debased sustenance, yet it is likewise conceivable that the plague ceased on the grounds that polluted sustenances were no more present in the business sectors. The procedure has been openly scrutinized for being too moderate and for beginning false press advertisements joining cucumbers and not sprouts to the episode. Reflectively, this feedback must be seen with some control. In the beginning of the episode, the average reporting times for Hus cases were 8 days to analysis, in the ballpark of 10 days to illuminate the nearby health section, and around the range of 12 days for showing up for the Robert Koch Institute (Rki) (3). In a U.S. study on E. coli O157 contaminations, a normal reporting time of 7 days was attained. There are two purposes behind the slower reporting process in Germany (Ihssen et al 2010:83) Germany has a less-brought together open health framework, and these cases introduced with an abnormal profile, facing medical practitioners with another clinica l substance. An early epidemiological examination comprised of a case-control study including 26 mature people hospitalized with Hus. Univariate dissection connected just the utilization of sprouts with sickness. Notwithstanding, no sprout cautioning was issued at the start of the episode, since stand out quarter of the patients recalled having depleted sprouts. Next was an accomplice investigation of 177 subjects who had consumed at a solitary restaurant, prompting 33 instances of affirmed Stec the runs. As per the restaurant formula, every one of the 31 cases that could be questioned had depleted uncooked sprouts. An arrangement of natural and follow back and follow send examinations by the German assignment gathering recognized an assembly of Swedish guests who had depleted a sprout mixture. This finding indicated a sprout maker in easier Saxony, Germany, where in May one-third of the workers fell sick, with some of them contaminated with the pestilence strain O104:h4 (Lan Reeve s 2002:102). The following pieces in this perplex were the wholesalers served by this grow maker, joining further groups to sprouts. Strikingly, the German sprout maker had a seed supplier that could be joined to 15 instances of O104:h4 contaminations in Bordeaux, France. These cases were clearly additionally connected with sprout utilization. The beat field gel electrophoresis example of the French disconnects was indistinguishable to that from the German flare-up however unique in relation to those of preoutbreak reference O104 strains, prescribing a solitary source clonal episode, predictable with the epidemiological confirmation. On 10 June, sprouts of fenugreek seeds foreign made from Egypt were declared by the German powers as the offender wellspring of sullying in this episode. On the other hand, none of the sprout mixtures (seeds) tried positive for O104:h4.            The force of the study of disease transmission contrasted and a microbiological methodology was highlighted by the failure to develop the scourge strain from any of the examined sprouts or from the sprout seeds which were taken from the handling chain. Growth of the strain was just conceivable in a couple of situations where back defilement was quite likely, for example, an opened bundle of sprouts from a family unit with illness. Because of the practically all around utilized society based identification routines for plagues, this disappointment speaks to an observation issue for health and sustenance security dominant voices as a rule. The issue could be brought on by the low irresistible measurements of the pathogen, its rot in nourishment at the minute of examination, or a particular physiological state of microbes characterized as suitable however nonculturable (VBNC). Numerous diverse bacterial species, incorporating E. coli, enter this Vbnc state as a reacti on to distressing ecological conditions (Ihssen et al 2010:125). Microbes in the Vbnc state dont develop on microbiological media however recapture cultivability when revived after stretch alleviation. In fact, O104:h4 entered this Vbnc state when presented to supplement poor conditions, poisonous amassings of copper particles, or faucet water. Soothing the anxiety by copper particle chelating encouraged the revival of O104:h4. Be that as it may, these trials ought to be translated with forethought, since there is so far no immediate confirm that E.coli O104:h4 is found in the VBNC state in nature.            The epidemiological investigation of first fundamentally sustenance borne tainting gets to be much more troublesome when the starting pathogen transmission by means of the evolved way of life is traded by human-to-human transmission. Human-to-human transmission is known to happen in the ballpark of 20% of families with an O157:h7 essential patient. Optional family transmission from mature person patients was likewise prescribed for O104:h4 contaminations in France and The Netherlands, fundamentally dependent upon the perception of deferred onset contrasted with the brooding time of 7 to 9 days for O104:h4 contaminations. Optional transmissions were additionally reported in Hessen, Germany, which is arranged outside of the primary plague center in northern Germany (Todar 2012:38). The study recorded transmission in families, the healing facility, and the microbiological research center.            Health officials in Germany faced a lot of difficulties in isolating the causative organism mainly due to its versatile nature. Based on the investigations carried out during the German epidemic, there are two major distinct pathotypes of the E.coli bacteria namely enteroaggregative E.coli (EAEC and enterohemorrhagic (EHEC) E.coli. It becomes even more difficult to control the E.coli bacteria if the virulence genes are located in the mobile elements of the DNA. Based on this, E. coli outbreaks in Germany, Oregon and Michigan are not the last. This calls for the microbiological community to carryout more research and ensure that the E.coli strains are sequenced on time and in an open way (Peter et al 2011:84). In Germany, the annotation of the E.coli strain responsible for the outbreak was carried out in a community-wide approach through the use of the internet. It brought together bioinformaticians from all corners of the world working day and night to sequence the genomes. Some of the international health organizations that were involved in handling the outbreak were the European Center for Disease Prevention and Control (ECDC) and the world health organization (WHO). The main role of a UK Local Authority based Environmental Health Practitioner would have been control the spread of the bacteria by isolating all infected animals and farm produce. Lessons from the 2011 E.coli outbreak in Germany            There are a number of lessons that can be learnt from the 2011 E. coli outbreak in Germany. To begin with, there is need to come up with more safe ways of growing foods especially fruits and vegetables. The investigations into the cause of the 2011 E. coli outbreak established the presence of certain strains of the bacteria in a number of vegetables and not on sprouts alone. This raised the question of E. coli prevalence in the European fresh produce (Russo 2003:4). The second lesson that can be learnt from the 2011 E. coli outbreak in Germany is the need for better communication incase any harmful bacteria are found in foods. After the E. coli outbreak, the German government came under a lot of criticism for taking too long to announce the outbreak. The government took too long before it took the report to the Roberth Koch Institute (RKI) (Todar 2012:83). Many of the infections and deaths that resulted from the outbreak could have been avoided had the government w arned the people on time. Based on this, it is important for governments all over the world to have an efficient E.coli surveillance and warning system. The final lesson that can be learnt from the E.coli epidemic in Germany is the need to ensure food safety both nationally and internationally. Despite the fact that the 2011 epidemic was concentrated in one area, it had global impacts. According to investigations, the sprout seeds found in the implicated farm were found to have originated from Asia, southern Europe and Germany. It is important for countries to raise food safety standards mostly in free markets like the European Union. References Benzer S 1961, ‘On the Topography of the Genetic Fine Structure’,  Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A Bill Marler Marler Clark 2012,’German E. coli O104:H4 Outbreak – $2.84 Billion in Human Damage’  : Food Poison Journal Connolly, Allison 2008)’  Ã¢â‚¬ËœE. Coli Outbreak Kills One More Patient as Source Eludes Investigators’, Bloomberg Ihssen J, Kowarik M, Dilettoso S, Tanner C, Wacker M, Thà ¶ny-Meyer L. 2010,’Production of glycoprotein vaccines in Escherichia coli’, Microbial Cell Factories Lawrence JG, Ochman H, 1998, ‘Molecular archaeology of the Escherichia coli genome’.  Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A. Lan R, Reeves PR 2002, ‘Escherichia coli in disguise: molecular origins of Shigella’,  Microbes Infect. Lee SY 1996, ‘High cell-density culture of Escherichia coli’,  Trends BiotechnolPeter Walker, Adam Gabbatt and agencies 2011,’E coli: European commissioner suggests  £135m payout for farmers | World news’,  The Guardian Russo E 2003,  Ã¢â‚¬ËœThe birth of biotechnology’,  Nature Todar, K.2012,’Pathogenic  E. coli’.  Online Textbook of Bacteriology. University of Wisconsin–Madison Department of Bacteriology Source document

Economics: Turn Around Is Fair Game :: essays research papers

Economics: Turn Around is Fair Game   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  America's size and prosperity have made it the largest consumer of imported products in the world. Brightly lit shopping malls adorned with the latest foreign-made apparel, gadgets and trinkets, testify to the vast selection of goods available for purchase. There is a dark side to this enormous quantity of choices: a hefty price tag - the federal deficit. Unfair trade agreements, and, predatory pricing strategies and practices from abroad, placed those goods on the store's shelves. The United States Trade Representative (USTR), who is directly responsible to the President and Congress for trade negotiations; is forecasting a two hundred billion-dollar trade deficit for fiscal year 1996. The American people must demand reciprocal trade agreements for overseas business competitors. Complimentary trading would; put an end to subsidized dumping, curb the loss of manufacturing jobs, and, tear down the barriers associated with free trade.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  The practice of selling items at a price less than what it costs to make them is called dumping. Foreign governments subsidize the manufacturing processes of certain industries so their companies can displace the competition's industry. The television industry is a perfect example of subsidized dumping. The post World War II infusion of subsidized Japanese-made televisions, terminated the United States(U.S.) television manufacturing industry. In the late 1950's, half a million units crossed our borders, tax and tariff free. These television sets were made using cheaper components and cheaper labor. However, the cost of transportation, which would normally escalate each individual price, was paid for by the Japanese government. The pioneering inventors of the electronic marvel were forced out. No longer able to compete by meeting rapidly declining prices, companies had to stop production, liquidate all available assets, and release their entire work force.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Unemployment figures for 1996 are predicted to be at seven percent (USTR, 1996.) This equates to nearly twenty million skilled American workers without jobs. The math is simple; imports cost an economy jobs, exports produce jobs. Reciprocal trading contracts would definitely curb the exponential loss of manufacturing jobs.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Trade barriers are the largest problems facing American companies in overseas markets. The obstructions are sometimes overt, sometimes hidden and usually extremely complex. Deals are covertly impeded with complicated licensing and import procedures. Regulations concerning special specification standards and testing of American goods are hurdles deliberately enacted to block fair trade. If foreign governments were mandated to treat American businesses the same way native companies were treated, free commerce would truly be achieved.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  The U.S. has used an arsenal of tools to try to mitigate unfair trade practices and enhance U.S. access to overseas markets. These include: Section 301 of the 1974 Trade Act - Section 301 serves as the flagship of the

Related Literature for Inventory System

OUTPUT 1st day/ Saturday Nov. 24, 2012 * Orientation of the students and student teachers and get the final list of official student 2nd day/ Saturday Dec. 1, 2012 * 1st checking the attendance of the students and separate them from (3 – 5),(6 – 8),(9 – 15) 3-5 goes to Carina, Mae and Malabunga 6-8 take in charged by Judith and Canaria while 9-15 handle by Battalier, Quientela and Berdin. 3nd day/ Saturday Dec. 8, 2012 * Teaching the students 4nd day/ Saturday Dec. 15, 2012 * Teaching the students 5nd day/ Saturday Dec. 22, 2012 * Teaching the students 6nd day/ Saturday Dec. 29, 2012 No classes because CWTS and LTS students went to Provincial Jail. 7nd day/ Saturday January 05, 2013 * (Delayed of Christmas Party) Christmas Party of the students was medyo delayed for some reasons. We prepared games, gift and some foods to share. 8nd day/ Saturday January 12, 2013 * Continue of teaching the students 9nd day/ Saturday January 19, 2013 * Teaching the students 10th da y/ Saturday January 26, 2013 * Teaching 11th day/ Saturday February 2, 2013 * Teaching 12th day/ Saturday February 9, 2013 * Teaching 13th day/ Saturday February 16, 2013 * Teaching 14th day/ Saturday February 23, 2013 * Teaching 15th day/ Saturday March 2, 2013 Teaching and finalizing the lessons that we teach and review all the lessons that we teach. And we all talked about their dismissal day in coming next Saturday. 16th day/ Saturday March 9, 2013 * Dismissal day/ party party, we dance and sing and also we eat and saying farewell to our beloved students. Official List of Students 3 – 5 + 0ne 16yrs old who doesn’t even know how to write or read NAMEAGE 1. Rose Anne S. Arciaga 5 2. Eunice Belsa 4 3. Rejhen Dishoso 3 4. Richell Dishoso 4 5. John Lorenz Escoto 3 6. Marian Escoto 4 7. Dale Ikawat 4 8. Marvin Escoto 5 9. Denise Roldan 16 10. Lyka Mae 5 11.John Mel 5 Teachers: Ms. Carina Mae D. Martillos Ms. May G. Abria Ms. Maida R. Malabunga 6 – 8 NAMEAGE 1. Kim N. Abasolo 7 2. Gelli Ann Bonita 6 3. Jillian Bonita 8 4. Defresa Keen Valie 7 5. Christian Ibais 7 6. Jackielyn N. Mallo 8 7. Marilyn Orubia 8 8. Don Edmon Palarca 7 9. Benjie Juares 8 Teachers: Ms. Judith Calajate Ms. Roselyn Canaria 9 – 15 NAMEAGE Female 1. Abasolo, Princess9 2. Beunavidez, Joy12 3. Dacio, Jenny9 4. Dishoso, Desiree9 5. Dishoso, Rosabel12 6. Francisco, Jessica13 7. Magdaog, April11 8. Nario, Jessa12 9. Orubia, Marinel11 10. Resuello, Francia15 11. Resuello, Jhamyca10 12. Romero, Julie Ann10Male 1. Francisco, Daryl A. 11 2. Gonzales, Bryan Paul9 3. Las Pinas, Phillipe Louis12 4. Magdaog, Jaypoy11 5. Rodriguez, Reymart11 6. Roldan, Ivan13 7. Soria, Dexter11 8. Soria, Mico11 9. Tomero, Jomar9 Teachers: Ms. Luningning Battalier Ms. Elleca Jane Berdin Ms. Krizzelle Joy Quientela 3rd / Saturday Duties Battalier prepared the Berdinsnacks Martillos stand as the teacher Abria assistant teacher Malabunga assistant teacher Calajate stand as the teacher Canaria assis tant teacher stand as the teacher assistant teacher Battalier Berdin Quientela 4th / Saturday Martillos prepared the snacksAbria assistant Martillos Teacher Abria assistant teacher Malabunga Calajate stand as the teacher Canaria assistant teacher Teacher Assistant teacher Battalier Berdin Quientela prepared the snacks 5th / Saturday Martillos Malabunga Martillos assistant teacher AbriaTeacher Malabunga assistant teacher Calajate Teacher Canaria Assistant Assistant Teacher Battalier Berdin Quientela 7th / Saturday Battalierprepared the foods Prepared the parlor games Martillos Abria Calajate Berdin Prepared the materials for the parlor games Quientela Canaria Malabunga

University of Hawaii Acceptance Rate, SAT/ACT Scores, GPA

The University of Hawaii at Manoa is a public research university with an acceptance rate of 84%. Located just outside of Honolulu, the University of Hawaii at Manoa is the flagship campus of the University of Hawaii system. Manoas strengths include highly ranked programs in astronomy, oceanography, cancer research, and Pacific Island and Asian studies. The university has a diverse student body representing all 50 states and 121 countries. UH Manoa is the only college in Hawaii to have a chapter of the prestigious  Phi Beta Kappa Honor Society. UH also has 19 Division I athletic teams that compete in the  Western Athletic Conference. Considering applying to UH Manoa? Here are the admissions statistics you should know, including average SAT/ACT scores and GPAs of admitted students. Acceptance Rate During the 2017-18 admissions cycle, University of Hawaii at Manoa had an acceptance rate of 84%. This means that for every 100 students who applied, 84 students were admitted, making UH Manoas admissions process somewhat competitive. Admissions Statistics (2017-18) Number of Applicants 9,345 Percent Admitted 84% Percent Admitted Who Enrolled (Yield) 28% SAT Scores and Requirements University of Hawaii at Manoa requires that all applicants submit either SAT or ACT scores. During the 2017-18 admissions cycle, 73% of admitted students submitted SAT scores. SAT Range (Admitted Students) Section 25th Percentile 75th Percentile ERW 530 620 Math 520 620 ERW=Evidence-Based Reading and Writing This admissions data tells us that most of UH Manoas admitted students fall within the top 35% nationally on the SAT. For the evidence-based reading and writing section, 50% of students admitted to UH Manoa scored between 530 and 620, while 25% scored below 530 and 25% scored above 620. On the math section, 50% of admitted students scored between 520 and 620, while 25% scored below 520 and 25% scored above 620. Applicants with a composite SAT score of 1240 or higher will have particularly competitive chances at UH Manoa. Requirements The University of Hawaii at Manoa does not require the SAT writing section. Note that UH Manoa participates in the scorechoice program, which means that the admissions office will consider your highest score from each individual section across all SAT test dates. Homeschooled applicants are required to submit three SAT Subject test scores. ACT Scores and Requirements The University of Hawaii at Manoa requires that all applicants submit either SAT or ACT scores. During the 2017-18 admissions cycle, 46% of admitted students submitted ACT scores. ACT Range (Admitted Students) Section 25th Percentile 75th Percentile English 20 26 Math 19 26 Composite 21 26 This admissions data tells us that most of UH Manoas admitted students fall within the top 42% nationally on the ACT. The middle 50% of students admitted to UH Manoa received a composite ACT score between 21 and 26, while 25% scored above 26 and 25% scored below 21. Requirements Note that unlike many universities, UH Manoa superscores ACT results; your highest subscores from multiple ACT sittings will be considered. UH Manoa does not require the ACT writing section. GPA In 2018, the average high school GPA of incoming University of Hawaii at Manoa freshmen was 3.6, and over 59% of students had average GPAs of 3.5 and above. These results suggest that most successful applicants to UH Manoa have primarily A and B grades. Self-Reported GPA/SAT/ACT Graph University of Hawaii at Manoa Applicants Self-Reported GPA/SAT/ACT Graph. Data courtesy of Cappex. The admissions data in the graph is self-reported by applicants to University of Hawaii at Manoa. GPAs are unweighted. Find out how you compare to accepted students, see the real-time graph, and calculate your chances of getting in  with a free Cappex account. Admissions Chances The University of Hawaii at Manoa, which accepts over 80% of applicants, has a somewhat selective admissions process. If your SAT/ACT scores and GPA fall within the schools average ranges, you have a strong chance of being accepted. However, admission to UH Manoa is not entirely numerical. The university wants to see that you have taken sufficient college preparatory courses, including a minimum of 4 credits of English, 3 credits each of math, science, and social studies, 4 credits of additional college prep coursework, and 5 elective credits. Applicants must also have a minimum high school GPA of 2.8. Note that some programs, including nursing, social work, and education, have additional requirements. In the graph above, the green and blue dots represent accepted students. As the data show, the majority of accepted students had high school GPAs of 3.0 or better, an SAT score (ERWM) of 1000 or better, and an ACT composite score of 20 or higher. Note that many admitted students had grades in the A range. If You Like the University of Hawaii at Manoa, You May Also Like These Schools University of California - Santa BarbaraUniversity of Nevada - Las VegasSan Diego State UniversityUniversity of FloridaUniversity of MiamiCalifornia State University - Long Beach All admissions data has been sourced from the National Center for Education Statistics and University of Hawaii at Manoas Undergraduate Admissions Office.